Rudolf Carnap
1891–1970 — logical empiricism; framework vs external questions
Author
Logical empiricist; distinguishes internal (within a framework) from external (framework-choice) questions — maps to tier-relative vs meta claims.
Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970) was a leading logical empiricist. We cite his internal/external distinction for questions about formal and ontological frameworks.
What we adopt
- Internal questions — answered using rules of a chosen framework (e.g. “Is there a prime between 10 and 20?” in PA).
- External questions — about whether to adopt a framework; not settled by the same proof rules.
Maps to tier 2+ relative to axioms vs tier 12+ framework adoption in our ladder.
What we do not adopt wholesale
Verificationism, the entire Vienna Circle programme, or Carnap’s later semantics in full. We take the framework relativity lesson.